Physics of Ultrasound by Roger Gent
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Body habitus and technique
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Background Physics
Introduction
The pulse-echo cycle
Acoustic impedance
Nature of the ultrasound display
Attenuation Reflection
Attenuation: Scattering
Attenuation : Absorbtion
Attenuation : Refraction
Basic Principles of Sound
Attenuation : Beam divergence
10 lessons, 8 quizzes
Transducers
1. The piezo electric effect
2. The piezo electric effect
3. The piezo electric effect
Beam shape
Linear array
Curved array
Focussing the beam : Acoustic lens
Focussing the beam: Electronic focussing
Matrix array
Phased array
Reception focussing
Frame rate
Multiple focal zones
Side lobe artifacts
The matching layer
Resolution : spatial, temporal, contrast
Tissue harmonics
17 lessons, 16 quizzes
Controls and Settings
Body habitus and technique
Transducer selection
Field of view
Read and write zoom
TGC and gain
Power vs gain
Focus position
Frame rate
Dynamic range
Frequency tuning
Spatial compounding
Tissue harmonics
12 lessons, 12 quizzes
Artifacts
Introduction
Acoustic shadowing
Acoustic enhancement
Edge artifact
Beam width artifact
Side lobe artifacts
Slice thickness
Grating lobe
Speckle
Reverberation
Comet tail and ring down
Range ambiguity
Beam path artifacts : refraction
Beam path artifacts: Mirror image
Beam path artifacts: "Partial" mirrors
Range ambiguity and electrical interference
Artifact avoidance and minimisation
Quiz
18 lessons, 16 quizzes
Spectral Doppler
The Doppler effect
Continuous wave Doppler
Calculating velocity
Pulsed wave Doppler
The Spectral Display Part 1
The Spectral Display Part 2
Aliasing
Calculations
Spectral Doppler Summary
9 lessons, 8 quizzes
Colour Doppler
Colour Doppler : Review of colour Doppler principles
Colour Doppler : Aliasing
Colour Doppler controls
3 lessons
Cases
Case 1 : Echogenicity does not relate to density
Case 2 : Phased array
Case 3 : Slice thickness
Case 4 : Curved array transducer
Case 5 : Specular reflectors
Case 6 : Scatterers
Case 7 : Beam width artifact
Case 8 : Slice thickness artifact
Case 9 : Importance of gel for scanning
Case 10 : Acoustic impedance mismatch
Case 11 : Error in measurement
Case 12 : Mirror images
Case 13 : Reverberation artifact
Case 14 : Cross correlation
Case 15 : Anisotropy
Case 16 : PRF
Case 17 : Linear vs sector probe visualization of horizontal filaments
Case 18 : Angle of approach (muscle)
Case 19 : Importance of having a good window
Case 20 : Importance of probe position. Fluid level taken from the side vs anteriorly
Case 21 : Angle of approach (muscle)
Case 22 : Choice of correct transducer
Case 23 : Application of pressure to displace the bowel
Case 24 : Lung tissue interface
Case 25 : Angle of approach
Case 26 : Angle of approach
Case 27 : M mode
Case 28 : Spatial compounding removing acoustic shadow and slice thickness (foreign body)
Case 29 : Angle of approach
Case 30 : Slow moving blood / angle of approach/ Doppler shift
Case 31 : Interpretation of images (scrotum)
Case 32 : Resistive index
Case 33 : Mirror image
Case 34 : Hepatisation of the lung
Case 35 : Angle of approach (PV and CBD)
Case 36 : Mirror image (SMA/Aorta)
Case 37 : Colour Doppler and artifact
Case 38 : Bioeffects Radiation force of ultrasound (scrotum)
Case 39 : Aliasing
Case 40 : Spectral Doppler High PRF
40 lessons, 3 quizzes
